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- Essay on Reptiles
-
- Reptiles are vertebrate, or backboned animals constituting the class
- Reptilia and are characterized by a combination of features, none of which
- alone could separate all reptiles from all other animals.
- The characteristics of reptiles are numerous, therefore can not be
- explained in great detail in this report. In no special order, the
- characteristics of reptiles are: cold-bloodedness; the presence of lungs;
- direct development, without larval forms as in amphibians; a dry skin with
- scales but not feathers or hair; an amniote egg; internal fertilization; a
- three or four-chambered heart; two aortic arches (blood vessels) carrying
- blood from the heart to the body, unlike mammals and birds that only have
- one; a metanephric kidney; twelve pairs of cranial nerves; and skeletal
- features such as limbs with usually five clawed fingers or toes, at least
- two spinal bones associated with the pelvis, a single ball-and-socket
- connection at the head-neck joint instead of two, as in advanced amphibians
- and mammals, and an incomplete or complete partition along the roof of the
- mouth, separating the food and air passageways so that breathing can
- continue while food is being chewed.
- These and other traditional defining characteristics of reptiles have been
- subjected to considerable modification in recent times. The extinct flying
- reptiles, called pterosaurs or pterodactyls, are now thought to have been
- warm-blooded and covered with hair. Also, the dinosaurs are also now
- considered by many authorities to have been warm-blooded. The earliest
- known bird, archaeopteryx, is now regarded by many to have been a small
- dinosaur, despite its covering of feathers The extinct ancestors of the
- mammals, the therapsids, or mammallike reptiles, are also believed to have
- been warm-blooded and haired. Proposals have been made to reclassify the
- pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and certain other groups out of the class Reptilia
- into one or more classes of their own.
- The class Reptilia is divided into 6 to 12 subclasses by different
- authorities. This includes living and extinct species. In addition, a number
- of these subclasses are completely extinct. The subclasses contain about 24
- orders, but only 4 of these are still represented by living animals.
- Of the living orders of reptiles, two arose earlier than the age of
- reptiles, when dinosaurs were dominant. Tuataras, of the order
- Rhynchocephalia, are found only on New Zealand islands, whereas the equally
- ancient turtles, order Chelonia, occur nearly worldwide. The order
- Crocodilia emerged along with the dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards, order
- Squamata, are today the most numerous reptile species.
- The Rhynchocephalia constitute the oldest order of living reptiles; the
- only surviving representative of the group is the tuatara, or sphenodon
- (Sphenodon punctatus). Structurally, the tuatara is not much different from
- related forms, also assigned to the order Rhynchocephalia, that may have
- appeared as early as the Lower Triassic Period (over 2 000 000 000 years
- ago). The tuatara has two pairs of well-developed limbs, a strong tail, and
- a scaly crest down the neck and back. The scales, which cover the entire
- animal, vary in size. The tuatara also has a bony arch, low on the skull
- behind the eye, that is not found in lizards. Finally, the teeth of the
- tuatara are acrodont - i.e., attached to the rim of the jaw rather than
- inserted in sockets.
- Chelonia, another ancient order of reptiles, is chiefly characterised by a
- shell that encloses the vital organs of the body and more or less protects
- the head and limbs. The protective shell, to which the evolutionary success
- of turtles is largely attributed, is a casing of bone covered by horny
- shields. Plates of bone are fused with ribs, vertebrae, and elements of
- shoulder and hip girdles. There are many shell variations and modifications
- from family to family, some of them extreme. At its highest development, the
- shell is not only surprisingly strong but also completely protective. The
- lower shell (plastron) can be closed so snuggly against the upper (carapace)
- that a thin knife blade could not be inserted between them.
- A third order of the class Reptilia is Crocodilia. Crocodiles are generally
- large, ponderous, amphibious animals, somewhat lizardlike in appearance, and
- carnivorous. They have powerful jaws with conical teeth and short legs and
- clawed, webbed toes. The tail is long and massive and the skin thick and
- plated. Their snout is relatively long and varies considerably in
- proportions and shape. The thick, large horny plates that cover most of the
- body are generally arranged in a regular pattern. The form of the is adapted
- to its amphibious way of life. Finally, the elongated body with its long,
- muscular paddletail is well suited to rapid swimming.
- The final living order of the class Reptilia is Squamata. Both snakes and
- lizards are classified in this order, but lizards are separated into their
- own suborder, Sauria. Lizards can be distinguished from snakes by the
- presence of two pairs of legs, external ear openings, and movable eyelids,
- but these convenient external diagnostic features, while absent in snakes,
- are also absent in some lizards. Lizards can be precisely separated from
- snakes, however, on the basis of certain internal characteristics. All
- lizards have at least a vestige of a pectoral girdle (skeletal supports for
- the front limbs) and sternum (breastbone). The lizard's brain is not
- totally enclosed in a bony case but has a small region at the front covered
- only by a membranous septum. The lizard's kidneys are positioned
- symmetrically and to the rear; in snakes the kidneys are far forward, with
- the right kidney placed farther front than the left. Finally, the lizard's
- ribs are never forked, as are one or two pairs in the snake.
- A natural classification of reptiles is more difficult than that of many
- animals because the main evolution of the group was during Mesozoic time (a
- time of transition in the history of life and in the evolution of the
- Earth); 13 of 17 recognized orders are extinct. There is still little
- agreement on reptile taxonomy among herpetologists and paleontologists.
- Even the major categories of reptile classification are still in dispute. On
- the other hand, there is general agreement that the base reptilian stock is
- the Cotylosauria, which evolved from an amphibian labyrinthodont stock. It
- is also quite clear that the coty losaurs early divided into two lines, one
- of which (the pelycosaurs) represented the stock that gave rise to the
- mammals. Another branch led to all of the other reptiles, and later, to the
- birds as well. Thus, most of the questions of reptilian evolution and
- classification deal with the reptiles' interrelationship, rather than with
- their relationships with other animals.
-
- Leonardo da Vinci (I wish)
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- / O O | I know it's cheap, but hey, I did it in 2 minutes!!!
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